ÿþ<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" /> <title>Norwegian Grammar. Adverbs</title> <meta name="description" content="Norwegian Grammar. Adverbs"> <link href="http://www.linguata.com/styles/newstyle.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <link href="http://www.linguata.com/lightbox/lightbox.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" /> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://www.linguata.com/lightbox/lightbox.js"></script> </head> <body> <div id="header"> <a href="http://www.linguata.com"> <img src="http://www.linguata.com/images/logo.gif" title="Linguata language learning software" border="0" /></a></div> <div id="menuarea"> <div id="menu"> <a href="http://www.linguata.com">Home</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/linguata/Languages.html">Languages</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/linguata/Ordering.html?language=none">Buy</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/linguata/learnnorwegian.html">Learn Norwegian</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/linguata/About_Us.html">About</a> </div> </div> <div id="wrapper"> <div id="content"> <div id="threetier" align="center"> </div> <div id="maincentred"> <p> <!- All text goes under here -!> <h1> Adverbs</h1> <BR><BR> <p>Adverbs  and adverbial phrases - modify other words, especially verbs. They give more information about such things as time, manner, place, intensity, circumstance and so on. It is very useful to have a supply of adverbs at one s disposal. </p> <p>The essential <b>negative particle</b> <i>ikke </i> not  is sometimes classified as an adverb.</p> <p>In Norwegian as in English many adverbs are derived from adjectives. Where English often adds  ly to convert adjectives to adverbs e.g. beautiful  beautifully, Norwegian adds <i> t</i>, using the neuter form e.g. <i>pent </i>(as occurs in <i>et pent hus</i>) can also mean 'beautifully' as the adverbial form of <i>pen </i>(beautiful).</p> <p>Also as in English the same word can often be both adjective and adverb. This group includes words ending in <i> ig</i>, unstressed <i> e</i>, <i>-tt</i>, and <i> t </i>plus another consonant, and most words ending in <i> sk </i>,e.g.</p> <small> <dl> <dd><i>nyttig </i> useful, -ly; <i>tydlig</i>  early. <dd><i>stille</i>  quiet, -ly; <i>moderne</i>  fashionable, fashionably. <dd><i>lett </i> - easy, easily; <i>briljant </i> brilliant, -ly. <dd><i>automatisk </i> automatic, -ally;<i> praktisk </i> practical, -ly. </dl> </small> <p>Many adjectives can be converted into adverbs by adding the suffix <i> vis</i>, corresponding to the way  wise is used in English, e.g. <small> <dl> <dd><i>heldig</i>  fortunate: <i>heldigvis</i>  fortunately, luckily. <dd><i>sannsynlig</i>  likely, probable: <i>sannsynligvis</i>  probably. </dl> </small> <p> <br/><br/> <h2>Some Common Adverbs</h2> <h4>Time</h4> <center> <table border="1"> <tr><td width="150"><i>*aldri</i></td><td width="150">never</td></tr> <tr><td><i>*alltid</i></td><td>always</td></tr> <tr><td><i>da</i></td><td>then, at that time</td></tr> <tr><td><i>før</i></td><td>before</td></tr> <tr><td><i>lenge</i></td><td>for a long time</td></tr> <tr><td><i>nå</i></td><td>now</td></tr> <tr><td><i>*ofte</i></td><td>often</td></tr> <tr><td><i>så</i></td><td>then, next</td></tr> <tr><td><i>*sjelden</i></td><td>seldom</td></tr> </table> <small>*see Note below.</small> </center> <h4>Place</h4> <center> <table border="1"> <tr><td width="150"><i>fram</i></td><td width="150">from</td></tr> <tr><td><i>hit</i></td><td>here</td></tr> <tr><td><i>inn</i></td><td>in</td></tr> <tr><td><i>ned</i></td><td>down</td></tr> <tr><td><i>opp</i></td><td>up</td></tr> <tr><td><i>ut</i></td><td>out</td></tr> </table> </center> <h4>Manner</h4> <center> <table border="1"> <tr><td width="150"><i>bare</i></td><td width="150">only, just</td></tr> <tr><td><i>hvordan</i></td><td>how</td></tr> <tr><td><i>nettopp</i></td><td>just, exactly</td></tr> <tr><td><i>svært</i></td><td>extremely, very</td></tr> <tr><td><i>veldig</i></td><td>enormously, very</td></tr> </table> </center> <BR><BR> <h3>Comparative Forms</h3> <p>The first group of adverbs mentioned above, i.e. those that are formed from the neuter singular form of the adjective, have the same comparative as their parent adjective. For example the comparative and superlative forms of the adverb fint, from the neuter singular of fin (fine), are finere (finer/more finely) and finest (finest/most finely). Similarly, pent changes to penere (more beautiful/ more beautifully) and penest (most beautiful/most beautifully).</p> <p>The same principle applies to adverbs derived from adjectives with irregular comparatives:</p> <center> <table border="1"> <tr><td width="100"><i>bra, godt</i></td><td width="100">well</td><td width="100"><i>bedre</i></td><td width="100"><i>best</i></td></tr> <tr><td><i>dårlig, ille</i></td><td>badly, poorly</td><td><i>verre</i></td><td><i>best</i></td></tr> <tr><td><i>gjerne</i></td><td>willingly</td><td><i>heller</i></td><td><i>helst</i></td></tr> <tr><td><i>litte</i></td><td>little</td><td><i>mindre</i></td><td><i>minst</i></td></tr> <tr><td><i>mye</i></td><td>much</td><td><i>mer</i></td><td><i>mest</i></td></tr> <tr><td><i>nær</i></td><td>near</td><td><i>nærmere</i></td><td><i>nærmest</i></td></tr> </table> </center> <BR><BR> <b>Note: Adverbs of Time</b> <br/> <p>Some adverbs of time - those marked with an asterisk are examples - behave like <i>ikke</i> in following the main verb in a sentence, except where pronoun objects follow the verb, in which case they are placed after the pronoun(s):</p> <center><small> <table border="0"> <tr><td width="250"><i>Han forstå Kirsten.</i></td><td width="250">He understands Kirsten.</td></tr> <tr><td><i>Han forstå alltid Kirsten.</i></td><td>He always understands Kirsten.</td></tr> <tr><td><i>Han forstå henne ikke.</i></td><td>He does not understand her.</td></tr> </table></small> </center> <p>When the main verb is a modal (see separate article), <i>ikke</i> follows the modal:</p> <center><small> <table border="0"> <tr><td width="250"><i>Han kan forstå Kirsten.</i></td><td width="250">He can understand Kirsten.</td></tr> <tr><td><i>Han kan ikke forstå Kirsten.</i></td><td>He cannot understand Kirsten.</td></tr> <tr><td><i>Han kan sjelden forstå henne.</i></td><td>He can seldom understand her.</td></tr> </table></small> </center> <br/><br/> <center> <table border="0"> <tr><td width="550"></td><td width=200>Graham Rooth</td> </table> </center> <br/><br/> <small><h3>References and Recommended Reading</h3></small> <small><p>Wikipedia- <i>The Norwegian Language</i> at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_language <br/>Louis Janus, <i>Norwegian: Verbs and Essentials of Grammar </i>(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998) <br/>Herbert Svenkerud, <i>Engelsk-Norsk Norsk-Engelsk Ordbok</i> (Oslo: J.W.Cappelens Forlag, 1990) </p> <BR><BR> <!- No more text goes under here -!> </p> </div> </div> <img src="http://www.linguata.com/images/contentbottom.gif" /><br /> <div id="footer"> <a href="http://www.linguata.com/linguata/words_and_phrases.html" title="Words and phrases in different languages" >WORDS AND PHRASES</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/linguata/language_faqs.html" title="Questions and answers on different languages">LANGUAGE FAQS</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/articles/language-learning.html" title="A reference to many world languages" >DICTIONARY OF LANGUAGES</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/articles/pronunciation.html" title="An introduction to the pronunciation of many languages" >PRONUNCIATION</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/articles/general-articles-on-language.html" title="Articles on language and language learning" >ARTICLES</a> | <a href="http://www.linguata.com/articles/history-of-languages.html" title="A brief history on the development of languages" >HISTORY</a>| <a href="http://www.linguata.com/linguata/search.html" title="Search this site" >SEARCH</a> </div> </div> <script type="text/javascript" src="http://cetrk.com/pages/scripts/0005/1332.js"> </script> </body> </html>